Abnormal Psychology Over Time

Question: Describe about the Abnormal Psychology Over Time? Answer: 1. Abnormality can be defined as unusual behaviour which is different from the standards, behaviour which cannot be adjust in the social societies, statistical abnormalities that is unable to function properly, existence of marked psychological problems and deviation from the mental health (Boyd N n.d.) In this person experiences personal distress, that the person seek for help from mental health professionals. In terms of statistical norms, abnormality is defined as the how common or rare it is found in the populations, by this definition people with severe anxiety and depression are considered in abnormal behaviour because their behaviour is different from the norms (Oltmanns Emery 2012). According to wakefield, 2010, abnormality is defines, if it meets the two criteria that is due to impairnment in internal mechanism such as mental or physical, which leads to a condition that results in inability to perform the natural functions (that is something inside the person is not proper which causes distress in its functions) and second is the condition harm the person which estimated by the norms of the persons civilisation. The definition of abnormal behaviour is included in the official diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders which published by American psychiatric association and according to this it is defined as persistent, maladaptive behaviours that are associated with personal distress, such as depression and anxiety or impairment in social functioning (Oltmanns Emery 2012). If a person is having difficulties in the following area than he or she is having mental disorder (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). Suffering: if a person suffer psychologically than this explain the abnormality. The person who is manic and who want all the high is consider under abnormality (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). Maladapativeness: maladaptive behaviour is one which interferes with our well-being and behaviour and ability to enjoy our work and work and family relationship. This indicates of the abnormality (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). Deviancy: it is defined as the person who show different behaviour and does not provide any solution to the problem but simply exaggerate the things is called abnormal behaviour (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). Violation of the standards of society: all the cultures have some rules and social manner which one has to follow, if you dont than it consider as a violation of the norms of society. Example if a mother drowns her child than it would consider as an abnormal behaviour and violation of the norms of the society (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). Irrationality and unpredictability: if starts to scream sitting nearby you, it wold be considered as abnormal behaviour because it was unpredictable because our perspective believes that a person can control his or her behaviour and if something against this happens then it would consider as irrational and unpredictable (Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 3). The definition which is considered in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) which published by American psychiatric association by Wakefield 1992 1997, he proposed the idea of harmful disorders and classify harm in terms of social values that is suffering, unable to work and dysfunction as inability to perform because some internal mechanism fails to perform according to it Oltmanns Emery 2012 Abnormal Psychology over Time, chapter 1, page no 5). 2. The international classification of disease (ICD), is the international standard diagnostic classification for all mental illness and mainly used in UK and Europe. The ICD codes are alphanumeric designation which are given to every diagnosis and description of symptoms on medical records. These classifications are developed and monitored by world health organisation (WHO) (OCD-UK, n.d.). ICD is revised periodically and currently ICD10 is used which was developed in 1992 and ICD11 will about to come 2015 (OCD-UK, n.d.). The DSM IV-TR is the counterpart of ICD10, which was developed by the Americans and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association, which provides mental healthcare professionals with official definitions of mental illness. But in UK, in addition to ICD 10 and DSM IV, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is present, which provides clinicians the guidelines about the mental illness (OCD-UK, n.d.). ICD 10 and DSM IV guidelines about the depression: The depressive episode comes in F32 guidelines which describes depression as mild, moderate and severe. They described depression as an individuals suffering from depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment and reduced interest leads to increases fatigability and low activity. Other symptoms are: reduced concentration, less attentive, low self-esteem and self-confidence, suicidal intentions or self-harm intentions, disturbed sleep, low appetite and pessimistic about future (World Health Organization n.d.) Mild depressive episodes: The individual with mild depressive disorder is usually distressed and find difficulty in doing work, not want to socialise with people. The individual with symptoms which are described in definition and with atleast two other symptoms and minimum duration of these symptoms is about 2 weeks without much intense in the symptoms are considered as diagnostic guidelines for mild depressive disorder (World Health Organization n.d.) Moderate depressive disorder: The depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment and increased fatigability, if atleast two or three symptoms are present the person with four of the other symptoms then the person is suffering from moderate depression. These symptoms should be present for about 2 weeks. The person is also having difficulty in continuing social, work and domestic activities. All these conditions are considered in the guidelines of moderate depression (World Health Organization n.d.). Severe depressive episodes: In this person usually shows distress and agitations, low self-esteem and self-confidence and guilt feelings are usually prominent. The intensions of suicide are also present. If person is suffering from mild to moderate depressive episodes with four of the other symptoms and with intense severity which are present from at least 2 weeks but if symptoms are severe than diagnosis should be done after less than 2 weeks. During severe depressive episodes, patient is not able to perform social, work, or domestic activities. These all comes in diagnostic guidelines of severe depressive episodes (World Health Organization n.d.). Severe episodes with psychotic symptoms: If a patients shows severe depressive symptoms along with delusion, hallucinations and depressive stupor (World Health Organization n.d.). 3. Patient with psychiatric disorders have cognitive, emotional, physical and behavioural problems. According to Dr. Becks cognitive models of depression explained, that these depressed patients feels negative thoughts which are self-generated. He researched on depressed peoples and found that patient had negative thoughts about himself/herself or about world or about future. These automatic arise of thoughts are called as cognitions. The physical symptoms associated with emotional and cognitive responses are loss of appetite, lethargic, disturbed sleep, insomnia and no interest in work. The emotional responses which likely to occur in depression are crying, anger, fear, hopelessness, anxiety and loneliness. As these symptoms are not seen by common people but likely to affect patients physical and mental conditions (Thoolena Riddera 2008). It evaluated from the scientific literatures that about 70-90% patients experienced depression and anxiety (Spencer 2010). Another profound emotional response is hopelessness, as shown in Oshwambo Namibian and Sesotho South African patient (Van Oers 2013). The behavioural problems such as mood swing, anger, crying, loneliness and these symptoms are not recognised by patients but causes harm to their family. These neuropsychological problems related to physical, emotional, behavioural and cognitive responses critically affect patients well-being and quality of life (Weiten 2012). The behavioural problems causes feeling of exhaustion and frustration and person lack of help. (Baqutayan 2012). The emotional responses are sometimes expressive and sometimes non-expressive. The patient with severe depressive episodes emotional breakdown, the power of assessment and problem solving skills are lost. This loss is comes under cognitive problems. The cognitive responses are problem solving skills, intellectual skills, decision making power, memory loss and differentiating between right or wrong (Gil, F., 2012). Patient go through emotional turmoil and mourning after diagnosis. Biochemical explanation suggests that depression is due to abnormal levels of neurotransmitters in the monoamine group (noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine). These neurotransmitters act at the synapses or junctions between neurons in the brain. The functions of neurotransmitter is to facilitate or block nervous transmission. Noradrenaline and serotonin have functions are related to arousal and sleep and increases in serotonin generally reduce arousal. A theory proposed by Kety 1975, that level of noradrenaline and dopamine are controlled by serotonin, and low levels of serotonin causes increase of noradrenaline and dopamine which leads to depression and high levels with mania. The biochemical system depends on genetic factors therefore the genetics and biochemical explanations are inter-linked (Biological explanations of depression n.d.). Antidepressant drugs such as the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) increase the levels of noradrenaline and serotonin and alleviate the symptoms of depression which provide explanation of biochemical on moods. The SSRIs inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin and the resulting increase in the level of serotonin which provide evidences on improved mood. The post-mortem studies on patients were conducted who committed suicide and they also showed low levels of serotonin. The Rampello, Nicoletti, and Nicoletti found that patients with severe depressive disorder and had improper levels of neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine. These evidences evaluated that neurochemicals are involved in the severe depressive episodes (Biological explanations of depression n.d.). Genetic evaluation: The involvement of genetic factors involved family, twin, and adoption studies. The prevalence of depression in the random population is found about 7% for major depressive disorder and 1% for bipolar disorder. Berrettini, 2000 linked bipolar disorder to genes on chromosomes 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, and 22 (Biological explanations of depression n.d.). Social evaluations: This explains that depression provides a social impairment function because the person think all the time about their problems and what to do about them and also these person seek helps from others and need social motivation (Biological explanations of depression n.d.). Hormonal evaluation: The hormones changes can results in depression like premenstrual syndrome (PMS), postpartum depression (PPD) in a women after delivering a child, and seasonal affective disorder. In women, menstrual cycle involves changes in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone hormones. Greater the change in hormone more they linked to depression like in pregnancy and post-birth. A stress hormone produced during stress called cortisol which linked to depression and it has been seen that increased levels of cortisol are found in the depressed patients (Biological explanations of depression n.d.). Psychological explanation: Beck explained depression is the result of negative thinking and catastrophizing, which he called cognitive errors. He gave three components of depression in 1991 which are called cognitive triad: These three components interact with each other and interfere with normal cognitive processing and causing impaired thinking, loss of memory and problem solving skills becomes less which were overshadowed by negative thoughts 9The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behaviour, n.d.) Negative Self-thoughts: In this a person start to think about himself/ herself negatively. He or she lives in guilt, and becomes negative and pessimistic. He or she may experience childhood abuse or trauma like death of parent or sibling, abuse or criticism, bullying, expelled from peer group, these trauma causes this condition (The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behaviour, n.d.). Impaired Cognitive People with negative thoughts makes logical errors and focus on other aspect of situation rather than solving it. Sometimes they totally ignore the important aspects of an information. These are due to irrelevant thinking about oneself like I am not worth of anything, thinking on single perspective of situation rather than the whole like in office your team did not project because of you, rather than thinking what are problems which lead into this condition. Stretching unnecessarily a situation rather than solving it (The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behaviour, n.d.) 4. The problems associated with the efficacy of treatment for depression is that the psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal therapy works only for the mild to moderate depressive disorders. But for the patient with severe depression it may not be enough (National institute of mental health, n.d). The anti-depressant medications are marked as black box by the FDA, because these medication increased the potential risk of suicidal intension and self-harm attempts. As these drugs linked to the side effects such as worsening of the depression, sleeplessness, agitation, no link to social life. To avoid these symptoms patient should monitored all the time especially by the care givers and family (National institute of mental health, n.d.). The electroconvulsive therapy is given to patients with severe depression but this also has side effects like confusion, memory loss and disorientation (National institute of mental health, n.d.). References Abnormal Psychology Over Time, chapter 1, https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205765319.pdf.Baqutayan SMS 2012, The effect of anxiety on breast cancer patients, Indian J Psychol Med. Vol. 34, No. 2, PP: 119-123.Boyd N (n.d.), What is Abnormal Psychology?, Psychology 106: study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-abnormal-psychology-definition-and-common-disorders-studied.html.Biological explanations of depression n.d., https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8#q=psychological+social+and+biological+explations+for+depression.Cuijpers P 2013. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons, World Psychiatry, vol. 12, issue no. 2, pp: 137148.Hunsley J, Elliott K, Therrien Z 2013, The Efficacy and Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments, Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Ontario.Gil, F., Costa, G., Hilk e, R. I., Benito, L. (2012). First anxiety, afterwards depression: psychological distress in cancer patients at diagnosis and after treatment. Stress Health. Vol. 28, No. 5, PP: 362-367.National institute of mental health, n.d. what is depression. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml.NICE clinical guideline 91 2009, Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg91/resources/guidance-depression-in-adults-with-a-chronic-physical-health-problem-pdfOCD-UK, n.d., Clinical Classification of OCD. https://www.ocduk.org/ocd-clinical-classification.Oltmanns TF, Emery RE 2012, abnormal psychology, U.S. https://file.zums.ac.ir/ebook/065-Abnormal%20Psychology,%207th%20Edition-Thomas%20F.%20Oltmanns,%20Robert%20E.%20Emery-0205037437-Person-2012-6.pdf.Spencer R, Nilsson M, Wrigh A 2010, Anxiety disorders in advanced cancer patients, Cancer. Vol. 116, No. 7, PP: 1810-1819.The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundatio ns of Behaviour, n.d. https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8#q=psychological+social+and+biological+foundations+of+behavior.Thoolena, B Riddera, D 2008, No worries, no impact? A systematic review of emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, Health Psychology Review. Vol. 2, No. 1, PP: 65-93.Van Oers, H.M., Schlebusch, L. (2013). Anxiety and the patient with breast cancer: a review of current research and practice. S Afr Fam Pract.Vol. 55, No. 6, PP: 525-529.Weiten W, Gurung R, Berstein D, Nuris P 2012, In C. Ailish Gill, The Person Health and Wellbeing (1st ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia.World Health Organization n.d.,The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf.

An Honest Perspective on Philosophy Argument Essay Samples

An Honest Perspective on Philosophy Argument Essay Samples The majority of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays too, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. To compose a superb argumentative essay, there are four big pieces of the essay you're likely to have to know about. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of crucial factors which you can learn that could help you compose a much better argumentative essay. You should realize that the secret to success is an intriguing philosophy essay topic, which you've chosen taking into consideration your own knowledge on the theme. As any other essay, philosophy work has its features and peculiarities that have to be taken into consideration when you wish to acquire the top-notch superior work. The philosophy of life essay examples you will find should help you choose the ideal choice for yourself. When presented with philosophy essay topics to select from, you ought to do it swiftly and begin with your academic load. Consequently, students may produce different thesis for unique themes to compose essays on hamlet. Student will have the ability to articulate current critical issues within the area. Students often require guidance in researching. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Not only that but they will be able to access their online courses and be able to follow the lecture through powerpoints. Philosophy Argument Essay Samples - the Story Argument isn't the exact same as fighting! You first have to select a good topic with an argument, credible information to strengthen your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a superb counter-argument that will help you sound less biased. To begin with, you should think what idea you want to present. Divorce is only a practice of unmarrying individuals who've been married. It doesn't mean that you must have a negative approach in your topic. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. Philosophy Argument Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! The kind of the argument will help to determine it's an invalid deductive type. Find the thesis of the argument you're analyzing. Thus, these arguments can be quite robust or weak. An invalid deductive argument stands for the one where the fact of the background information doesn't enforce the fact of the conclusion. A cover letter is your opportunity to persuade someone they ought to hire you it's a type of argument that people in just about any line of work need to master. You might decide to take a look at sources besides the ones we've read for class. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standp oint. Bear in mind your teacher would be happier if you wrote an excellent paper irrespective of the sum of paragraphs it contains. The Secret to Philosophy Argument Essay Samples Existence of God isn't just practical but theoretical also. Life is the person who asks and we have to reply with our actions. Simple reasoning clearly demonstrates that there's a God. Philosophy Argument Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Expressing you do not have ownership of the issue or the possible resolution provides the customer a feeling of being adrift and powerless. It might be necessary to acquire some extra information from your customer to accurately analyze the main reason for the problem. Resolving a technical issue might be only partially effective should it not also handle the customer emotional concerns. At times the technical problem may require considerably more attention because it might impact other clients. Reassure the customer you will employ your understanding and experience to coordinate the finest possible resolution, even in the event you have to get the aid of different parties to achieve it. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. The secret to impressive customer service is to make loyal clients. Tell the customer that you have the issue and will apply your private effort to achieve benefits.

How Do the Students in a Class From Different Countries Write So Many Expository Essays?

How Do the Students in a Class From Different Countries Write So Many Expository Essays?Have you ever wondered how do the students in a class from different countries write so many expository essays? Well, one of the reasons why they are so good is because they follow a set of instructions provided by the teacher and by understanding the expository essay topics from paired passages, they can easily carry out these assignments in their own words. Let us see how we can take advantage of these expository essay topics from paired passages and also how we can achieve this by following the instruction that we have been given by the teacher.Before starting on the expository essay topics from paired passages, we need to note that writing a paper is not easy. The various elements that we require to include in a paper should be well discussed in the syllabus. There are also a lot of topics that we can put as an introduction to our paper, such as subjects such as physics, sociology, math, econo mics, etc.In addition to the material that we are required to discuss in the syllabus, we can use the expository essay topics from paired passages as an outline for our paper. This helps us to have a clearer picture of what our paper will be all about. Once you write the outline of your paper, then you can start writing the essay. It would be wise if you can prepare a couple of questions at the beginning so that you can ask the students of class and get some more questions as part of the outline.A couple of practice papers can also be used as expository essay topics from paired passages. This will help you a lot if you are to do the paper to pass the examination in the exam or during the exam. Your preparation will help you understand the topics better.So, the question now is how do the students in a class from different countries write so many expository essays? The answer is that they are writing a lot of expository essays, but there are a few easy tricks that they can use. If you want to be good in writing an expository essay, you need to know how to use the two areas that we have mentioned above, which are the idea and the vocabulary.We have mentioned some examples of expository essay topics from paired passages. You can also use the examples of the students in class as expository essay topics from paired passages. For example, if you see some students writing an essay on the nuclear bomb that they heard in the school or in their neighborhood, it is likely that the nuclear bomb will be a central theme of the essay. You can ask these students to describe the details of the bombs and describe some other topics on nuclear bombs, and then you can add more information about these topics in your own expository essay topic from paired passages.Also, if you see a lot of students from a certain country writing an expository essay on free trade, then these students are likely to be discussing free trade in their country and they will also be using the expository ess ay topics from paired passages to describe the benefits of free trade. So, by following the instructions that we have mentioned earlier, the expository essay topics from paired passages will serve as the foundation for the expository essay that you will write in the exam. By studying these topics in depth, you will know that how to write an expository essay without forgetting any aspect of the topic that you need to.So, now you can follow the instructions that we have given you and know how to use the ideas and the vocabulary in your expository essay topics from paired passages. This will help you excel in your writing by making sure that you are writing something that can convince the students of the class and that it is also engaging to read.

GRE Writing Prompt Pool For Issue Essay

GRE Writing Prompt Pool For Issue EssayThe GRE Writing Prompt Pool for Issue Essay is designed to make a more streamlined writing process. This process will help prepare a student for the real thing by providing them with the tools they need. The guidelines will take a few seconds to check out and then allow for you to place your essay topic in a topic section. The goal of this system is to make your essay as accurate as possible so that you can pass the exam.The GRE Writing Prompt Pool for Issue Essay offers some tips for a more streamlined writing process. It is designed to make a more streamlined writing process so that the student can create a more meaningful and effective essay. It will also help to create an essay that is concise and able to carry more weight than one that is not properly reviewed.The GRE Writing Prompt Pool for Issue Essay will review and analyze what sort of essay will be most appropriate. The system will guide the student through making a decision on the typ e of essay that is needed. The guidelines are designed to provide students with the answers to their questions, which will help them prepare for the real thing.The system is designed to help students eliminate articles from the beginning of the essay by using it as a brainstorming tool. It is designed to help students get into the right mindset before they begin writing their essays. Once they are prepared, they can start with planning the essay itself.The GRE Writing Prompt Pool for Issue Essay allows for students to make use of the five most common topics that will be encountered during the exam. These topics include doctor, honor student, career, family, and finances. The topics are designed to provide a simple framework for creating an essay. These topics will aid the student in easily creating the specific content needed.The prompts will also help the student to eliminate multiple choice questions. When the prompt is taken into consideration, the amount of time it takes to comp lete the essay will decrease, which will save time on a number of levels. The system will also allow for less time spent discussing important issues in the essay.The GRE Writing Prompt Pool for Issue Essay is designed to aid students in achieving the success they want during the exam. The guidelines will reduce the amount of time needed to write the essay and minimize the amount of wasted effort. This will mean more time for doing other things as well.

My Caucasian Students Disappointed When I Told Them That The Greatest Challenge Of A Chinese Education Was To Write An Essay

My Caucasian Students Disappointed When I Told Them That The Greatest Challenge Of A Chinese Education Was To Write An EssayMy students were frustrated when I told them that the greatest challenge of a Chinese education was to write an essay. Some students agreed with me, but the rest of them thought I was ridiculous and considered it to be impossible for them to do.In reality, the greatest challenge for any student of Chinese history is to be able to write an essay, or two or three. After all, the greatest challenges facing the Chinese were written works by Confucius, Confucianism, and Sung Dynasty era writings that inspired much of the Chinese civilization. The greatest challenge of learning Chinese and writing an essay is to be able to apply the principles of writing Chinese history essays to an academic composition.To give you an example, my Caucasian woman Chinese teacher used to say that he thought there was no limit to what can be accomplished in China. If that was true, then he should have been the greatest challenge of Chinese education. My Caucasian female teacher failed to realize that her school's student body comprised not just students from Europe, but people from all over the world, including Asian and African countries, as well as those from other countries who could never speak Chinese.A few of my Caucasian students were able to get an essay sample together, but most did not. Why? This is a common question that I get asked by people who are trying to write an essay. Here are some ideas for students that want to write an essay and want to learn how to write an essay, no matter what their race or nationality.I've seen American women, such as Oprah Winfrey, educated at a university in China. She is no white woman, but her school was also called 'Wondolonghua'Chinese University'. If her school was the greatest challenge of Chinese education, what does that make Oprah Winfrey? She wrote an essay on her experiences in China and became famous because of it.Another example is a Chinese person who visited America, wrote about his experiences, and became famous on the Internet. What does that make him? It is quite possible that he is the greatest challenge of Chinese education.My Caucasian students will need to find out more about the greatest challenge of Chinese education. They will also need to understand why the greatest challenge is not to get an essay written, but rather to get one submitted. This is a big topic, so my students should learn more about it.

Neil PostmanS End Of Education Essays - Neil Postman, Postman

Neil Postman'S End Of Education ?Five Ways to Wisdom Otto Freidrich shares five common ideas with Neil Postman. The first idea is education means careers. This basically means that most people believe that by going to school the only that comes from that is a job. This idea shares a common principle with Mr. Postman's Theory of Economic Utility, which deals with that fact that kids in school believe that if you do well in school, you are guaranteed a high paying job. Education transmits Civilization is an idea that Mr. Freidrich proposes, it basically deals with the idea of memorization and the idea for a possible curriculum that should include basic classes. This follows Neil Postman idea, because Mr. Postman believes that students are memorizing information only to pass a test, instead of benefitting from acquring knowledge. The second idea expressed in Five Ways to Wisdom that draws similarity to Neil Postman's End of Education is that their should be classes our students should be required to take, both authors list three and discuss the effects of having a set curiculum. Music

Definition of Freeboard of a Ship or Boat

Definition of Freeboard of a Ship or Boat Freeboard in the simplest terms is the distance from the waterline to the top of a vessel’s hull. Freeboard is always a measurement of vertical distance but in most vessels, it is not a single measurement unless the top of the hull is completely flat and parallel to the water along the entire length. Minimum Freeboard One way of expressing freeboard is to refer to the minimum freeboard of a boat or ship. This is an important measurement since it determines how much weight a vessel can carry or how it will perform in wind and waves. If minimum freeboard ever reaches zero it is possible that water could run over the side of the hull and into the boat causing it to sink if enough water accumulates. Some boats have a very low freeboard design that allows easy access to the surface of the water. Examples of this are buoy tenders and research boats which must have easy access to the water to go about their business. By Design Naval architects design these ships with sealed decks so if water does reach the top of the hull it drains off back into the water and does not impact the buoyancy of the ship. Most vessels, large and small, do not have a simple freeboard that is a straight line. Instead, the freeboard is higher at the bow, or front of the vessel, and slopes down to the stern at the rear. The designers shape the hull like this because as a boat moves through the water it might meet waves which are higher than the surface of the water. The higher bow allows a boat to ride up the surface of a wave and keeps water out. Deadrise The method that is used to describe the shape of a hull in naval architecture is called Deadrise. Deadrise is used in all forms shipbuilding since it is an ancient solution to keep unwanted water out of your ship. Cross Section The ideas of freeboard and deadrise come together when we consider a cross section of a hull. If we cut a slice across the hull we see that the profile of the hull rises from the keel at the bottom up to the waterline and then to the top of the hull. The area between the water and the top of the hull is the area where freeboard is measured. If we look at other slices of the hull the freeboard may change from higher in the area of the bow to lower near the stern. Freeboard Is Not Fixed The amount of freeboard is not a fixed number unless a boat always carries exactly the same load. If you load any vessel with more weight the freeboard will decrease and the draft will increase. That is the main reason any vessel must operate within the load capacity calculated by the designers. Compared to old-style pencil and paper drafting techniques that resulted in blueprints which were interpreted by each foreman, new building techniques offer the potential for much more complex and efficient designs. State of the Art Software drafting programs now allow naval architects to design precisely and CNC machines allow builders to stay within a few millimeters of the planned dimensions, even on a 300-meter vessel. The key to this accuracy is the number of stations found along the length of the hull. In the old days, maybe three meters of the hull were described in detailed drawings. Today, the number of stations is only limited to the size of the plan. A taper of one centimeter over 100 meters is possible today, which lets designers make complex shapes and also allows for modular construction and float out before final assembly.